Esquemas de la Revolución rusa de 1917

Aquí tenéis los esquemas que vimos en clase sobre el desarrollo de la Revolución rusa de 1917:
En castellano: esquemas de la Revolución rusa
En valencià: esquemes de la Revolució russa

Text de la Revolució agrària

Ací teniu el text de Paul Mantoux sobre la revolució agrària a Anglaterra. Heu de classificar-lo, situar-lo en el tema i descobrir les seues idees principals, explicant-les i afegint CITES del text:

«Lord Townshend, ambaixador anglés a Holanda i secretari d’Estat, va abandonar la seua carrera política en 1730 i es va retirar a les seues propietats a Norfolk. Inspirant-se en els mètodes que havia vist practicar en els Països Baixos, va drenar el sòl, el va abonar amb fem, va iniciar els cultius que se succeïen en rotacions regulars sense esgotar mai la terra ni deixar-la improductiva, va sembrar prats i farratges per al bestiar. Alguns anomenaven a este senyor d’Anglaterra "Lord Nap". Al cavaller del segle XVII, que havia tret l’espasa en les guerres civils, li succeïx el “Gentleman Farmer”.»

Paul Mantoux, La revolució industrial al segle XVIII (1906)

 

Key points Units 2 & 3 for 4th A

2. Crisis of the Ancien Régime

The crisis of the Ancien Régime began with the American and French revolutions. Both were influded by the ideas of the Enlightenment and at the same time influded in Western Europe.

The victory of the thirteen colonies in the American War of Independence was the first liberal revolution. These were the first colonies to release from the control of a metropolis.

The French Revolution was led by the bourgeoisie and the lower classes against the privileges and inequities of the absolutism, and for a new State in which the nation could exercise its sovereignty.

In the new United States and France, Declarations of Human Rights and constitutions were written in order to give form and legality to the new Liberal State.

The consolidation of the Liberal State was carried out by Napoleon, who strenghtened and renewed its structures, pushing aside the absolutists as well as the democratic radicals.

Napoleon created an empire that spread the influence of the Revolution all over Europe.

In the Restoration, the most powerful European monarchies attempted to return to the absolutism, as well to keep away from the influence of the French Revolution and Napoleon’s Empire.

3. Liberalism and nationalism

Liberalism and nationalism were two ideologies that broke with force in the first half of the 19th century. Both were decisive in the breaking revolutions that took place between 1820 and 1848.

Liberalism spread over Europe due to French Revolution and Napoleon’s Empire, and it was stood up by the bourgeoisie, that aspired to the creation of the Liberal State. This one had to reflect the principles of liberalism, such as national sovereignty and separation of powers.

Nationalism emerged as an ideology in this moment. It was based on the defence of the nation. Previously, the term nation owned only a geographical concept; along with the crisis of the Ancient Régime, the nation meant the amont of people that shared the territory, culture, language...

After the fail of the revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848, liberalism managed to prevail as a political model from the 2nd half of the 19th century.

Italy and Germany, that were divided into several states, carried out a unification process influded by nationalist ideas. Piedmont and Prussia, the most developed territories in Italy and Germany respectively, were the leaders of these unifications, succesfully completed in 1870.

Esquema de las unificaciones de Italia y Alemania

ESQUEMA DE LAS UNIFICACIONES
DE ITALIA Y ALEMANIA

•PUNTO DE PARTIDA (MAPA)

  –Configuración del territorio

•TERRITORIO IMPULSOR DE LA UNIFICACIÓN

  –Nombre y forma de gobierno

  –Artífices de la unificación

  –Características del territorio impulsor

•FACTORES DE LA UNIFICACIÓN

  –Políticos y culturales: Influencia de las ideas nacionalistas y liberales

  –Económicos: Intereses de la burguesía por la unificación

•DESARROLLO DEL PROCESO DE UNIFICACIÓN (MAPA)

  –Descripción de los conflictos bélicos

  –Papel de la diplomacia

•CONSECUENCIAS DE LA UNIFICACIÓN

  –Definición política del nuevo Estado unificado

  –Configuración interna y externa del nuevo Estado 

ESQUEMA DE LES UNIFICACIONS
D'ITÀLIA I ALEMANYA

••PUNT DE PARTIDA (MAPA)

–  – Configuració del territori

••TERRITORI IMPULSOR DE LA UNIFICACIÓ

–  – Nom i forma de govern

–  – Artífexs de la unificació

–  – Característiques del territori impulsor

••FACTORS DE LA UNIFICACIÓ

–  – Polítics i culturals: Influència de les idees nacionalistes i liberals

–  – Econòmics: Interessos de la burgesia per la unificació

••DESENROTLLAMENT DEL PROCÉS D'UNIFICACIÓ (MAPA)

–  – Incorporació dels diferents territoris a l'unió

••CONSEQÜÈNCIES DE LA UNIFICACIÓ

–  – Definició política del nou Estat unificat

–  – Configuració interna i externa del nou Estat

Key points Unit 1: Absolutism and Enlightenment (page 31)

During the 18th century, absolutism reached the top in most of European states, mainly in France: that was the absolute monarchy. Otherwise in England the power of Parliament prevailed (parliamentary monarchy).

Enlightenment was a trend of thinking that considered reason as the way of human beings’ progress.

Enlightened absolutism was a kind of goverment that appeared from some kings’ attempt of joining absolutism with the ideas of Enlightenment.

In 18th century international relationships, economic interests of the European countries, mainly its colonial projection, were very important.

Mercantilism was an economic policy carried out by European monarchies since 17th century and during the 18th century. Its main aim was the nation’s enrichment.

The colonial trade was based mainly on an unequal exchange that helped the interests of European states; one of its most profitable routes was the Atlantic slave trade.

The Bourbon kings of Spain, mainly Charles III, carried out a real reform program with the help of some enlightened ministers.

During the 18th century two artistic styles were successively developed: the Rococo and the Neoclassicism.

Guerra de sucesión: la disputa sucesoria

Cuadro genealógico que muestra el parentesco de Felipe de Anjou y el archiduque Carlos con el último monarca de la casa de Austria, Carlos II, fallecido sin descendencia:

Actividad sobre el texto de Montesquieu

En este enlace tenéis una actividad para rellenar huecos, que os puede ayudar a la hora de hacer el comentario de texto:

Texto de Montesquieu

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Arriba a la derecha, hay un botón que muestra el texto y una cuenta atrás para leerlo en menos de 1 minuto.